Main

## Main.Intermediates History

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!!!! Example 4
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!!!! Example Problem
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!!!! [[http://apmonitor.com/do/index.php/Main/DynamicOptimizationBenchmarks|Dynamic Optimization with Intermediates]]
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!!!! Solution to [[http://apmonitor.com/do/index.php/Main/DynamicOptimizationBenchmarks|Dynamic Optimization with Intermediates]]
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!!!! [[http://apmonitor.com/do/index.php/Main/DynamicOptimizationBenchmarks|Dynamic Optimization with Intermediates]]

!!!! Example 4
* Batch reactor with consecutive reactions A->B->C

{$\max_{T(t)} x_2 \left( t_f \right)$}
{$\mathrm{subject \; to}$}
{$\frac{dx_1}{dt}=-k_1 \, x_1^2$}
{$\frac{dx_2}{dt}=k_1 \, x_1^2 - k_2 \, x_2$}
{$k_1 = 4000 \, \exp{\left(-\frac{2500}{T}\right)}$}
{$k_2 = 6.2e5 \, \exp{\left(-\frac{5000}{T}\right)}$}
{$x(0) = [1 \; 0]^T$}
{$298 \le T \le 398$}
{$t_f=1$}

!!!! Solution to [[http://apmonitor.com/do/index.php/Main/DynamicOptimizationBenchmarks|Dynamic Optimization with Intermediates]]

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(:toggle hide gekko4 button show="Show GEKKO (Python) Code":)
(:div id=gekko4:)
(:source lang=python:)
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from gekko import GEKKO

m = GEKKO()

nt = 101
m.time = np.linspace(0,1,nt)

# Parameters
T = m.MV(value=362,ub=398,lb=298)
T.STATUS = 1
T.DCOST = 0

# Variables
x1 = m.Var(value=1)
x2 = m.Var(value=0)

p = np.zeros(nt)
p[-1] = 1.0
final = m.Param(value=p)

# Intermediates
k1 = m.Intermediate(4000*m.exp(-2500/T))
k2 = m.Intermediate(6.2e5*m.exp(-5000/T))

# Equations
m.Equation(x1.dt()==-k1*x1**2)
m.Equation(x2.dt()==k1*x1**2 - k2*x2)

# Objective Function
m.Obj(-x2*final)

m.options.IMODE = 6
m.solve()

print('Objective: ' + str(x2[-1]))

plt.figure(1)

plt.subplot(2,1,1)
plt.plot(m.time,x1.value,'k:',LineWidth=2,label=r'$x_1$')
plt.plot(m.time,x2.value,'b-',LineWidth=2,label=r'$x_2$')
plt.ylabel('Value')
plt.legend(loc='best')

plt.subplot(2,1,2)
plt.plot(m.time,T.value,'r--',LineWidth=2,label=r'$T$')
plt.legend(loc='best')
plt.xlabel('Time')
plt.ylabel('Value')

plt.show()
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June 16, 2015, at 06:48 PM by 45.56.3.184 -
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(y+2/x)^(x*z) * (log(tanh(sqrt(y-x+x^2))+3))^2 = 2+sinh(y)+acos(x+y)+asin(x/y)
to:
(y+2/x)^(x*z) * (log(tanh(sqrt(y-x+x^2))+3))^2 = &

2+sinh(y)+acos(x+y)+asin(x/y)
June 16, 2015, at 06:47 PM by 45.56.3.184 -
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!! Intermediate Variables and Equations
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October 02, 2008, at 09:22 PM by 158.35.225.228 -
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!!! Example
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----

!! Example
September 26, 2008, at 07:38 PM by 158.35.225.231 -

!!! Limitations

%blue%A%red%P%black%Monitor is designed to encourage the user to construct well-posed models for numerical solution.  One limitation that may be encountered is the 100 variable limit in each equation.  Excessive use of intermediate variables may lead to the violation of this limit.  If this limit is encountered, the user can remediate this problem by converting an intermediate variable to a regular implicit variable.
September 26, 2008, at 07:17 PM by 158.35.225.231 -
!! Intermediate Variables and Equations

Intermediate variables are useful to decrease the complexity of the model.  These variables store temporary calculations with results that are not reported in the final solution reports.  In many models, the temporary variables outnumber the regular variables by many factors.  This model reduction often aides the solver in finding a solution by reducing the problem size.

Intermediate variables are declared in the ''Intermediates ... End Intermediates'' section of the model file.  The intermediate variables may be defined in one section or in multiple declarations throughout the model.  Intermediate variables are parsed sequentially, from top to bottom.  To avoid inadvertent overwrites, intermediate variable can be defined once.  In the case of intermediate variables, the order of declaration is critical.  If a variable is used before it's definition, it will contain a default value of 1.

!!! Explicit calculation

The intermediate variables are processed before the implicit equation residuals, every time the solver requests model information.  As opposed to implicitly calculated variables, the explicit variables are calculated once and substituted into other explicit or implicit equations.

!!! Clipping

When the intermediate variable is solely a function of parameters (not variables), the value may be clipped.  This is accomplished by adding inequalities to the expression, separated by a comma.  The inequalities may also be a function of other intermediate or regular variables.

!!! Example

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! Original model
Model example
Parameters
p = 2
End Parameters

Variables
x
y
z
End Variables

Equations
exp(x*p)=y
z = p*$x + x (y+2/x)^(x*z) * (log(tanh(sqrt(y-x+x^2))+3))^2 = 2+sinh(y)+acos(x+y)+asin(x/y) End Equations End Model ! Model simplified with use of intermediate variables Model example Parameters p = 2 End Parameters Variables x y z End Variables Intermediates exp_result = exp(x*p) left = (y+2/x)^(x*z) * (log(tanh(sqrt(y-x+x^2))+3))^2 right = 2+sinh(y)+acos(x+y)+asin(x/y) End Intermediates Equations exp_result=y z = p*$x + x
left = right
End Equations
End Model

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! Example with intermediate variable clipping
Model example
Parameters
p = 1
End Parameters

Variables
x
End Variables

Intermediates
pi = p*3.1415, <1.5
End Intermediates

Equations
x = 0.5 * pi
End Equations
End Model

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